CHAPTER 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
Scope of the report 4
Interviewed pricing and reimbursement executives 4
Key findings 4

CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF ASIA PACIFIC P&R 9
Pricing and reimbursement strategies in Australia, Singapore, China and Hong Kong 10
Health insurance in Australia, Singapore, China and Hong Kong 10
Comparing efficiency across healthcare systems 12
Reimbursement in Asia-Pacific region 13
Patient co-pays 14
Formulary positive/negative lists 14
Volume limitations 15
Pharmacoeconomics 15
Risk-sharing 15
Pharmacist substitution 16
Pricing strategies in Asia-Pacific 16
Drivers and resistors for pharma companies entering the Australia, China and Singapore branded pharmaceutical markets 17
Australia - becoming more appealing for Big Pharma 18
China - enter with caution 19
Singapore - a thriving environment for foreign investment 21

CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIA-SPECIFIC P&R MEASURES 23
Healthcare system in Australia 24
Healthcare expenditure in Australia has remained stable 24
Healthcare reforms aim at improving hospitals and health outcomes 25
Access to healthcare needs to be improved in rural areas 26
Poor access to healthcare in rural communities 26
Healthcare discrimination against Indigenous people needs to be addressed 27
Physician shortages in rural areas is an obstacle to access to healthcare 27
Health insurance is dominated by the public sector although this is likely to change 28
Public health insurance in Australia 30
Private health insurance in Australia 31
Pricing and reimbursement in Australia 33
Prices for prescription drugs are low 33
Determining drug cost-effectiveness 34
Reference pricing is based on stringent pharmacoeconomics 35
New drug price reforms reward innovation 36
Reimbursement in Australia is extensive 38

CHAPTER 4 CHINA-SPECIFIC P&R MEASURES 41
Healthcare system in China 42
Healthcare expenditure has grown significantly 43
Healthcare reforms are aiming for universal healthcare coverage 44
Access to healthcare services is difficult for the poor and the rural population 45
Health insurance coverage is rising in both urban and rural areas but is insufficient 47
The urban employee Basic Medical Insurance system has improved healthcare coverage in cities 48
Despite rising coverage, the benefits of rural health insurance are questionable 48
Urban Residence Insurance Scheme offers basic health insurance to the unemployed 49
Pricing and reimbursement in China 50