Executive Summary 6

Chapter 1 Cancer Stem Cells 13

Summary 14
Introduction 15
What are CSCs? 17
Different Cancers 18
Markets 19
Unmet Need 19
Commercial Activities 21
Conclusions 21

Chapter 2 Research and Development 23

Summary 24
Introduction 25
Research Organisations 27
Research Interest 28
Companies 31
Conclusions 36

Chapter 3 Drug Discovery 37

Summary 38
Thinking Differently 39
Resistance to Therapy 40
The Stem Cell Niche 40
Targeting CSCs 41
Telomerase 41
Notch 42
Hedgehog and Wnt 44
CSC Models 45
Metastasis and Invasion 45
miRNAs 45
Targeting Strategies 46
Drug Pipeline 47
Conclusions 47

Chapter 4 Diagnostics 51

Summary 52
Background 53
Current Diagnostics 53
Diagnostics and CSCs 56
CSC Markers 57
Hedgehog Activity 59
Array Diagnostics 59
PCR Diagnostics 59
Blood CSC Assays 59
Immunity to Sox2 59
Conclusions 60

Chapter 5 Emerging Markets and Opportunities 61

Summary 62
Background 63
Drug Discovery 63
Diagnostics 64
New Cancer Models 67
Statistics 68
Markets 71
Conclusions 72

Chapter 6 Patents 73

Summary 74
Patents 75
Company Filings 75
Patent Claims 75

Chapter 7 Conclusions 85

Cancer Stem Cells 86
New Therapeutics 86
New Diagnostics 88

Appendix 1 90-98